By S. Boulter
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Additional resources for Metaphysics from a Biological Point of View
Example text
A methodology respecting these two lessons is the focus of the next chapter. 2 The Aporetic Method and the Defence of Immodest Metaphysics Introduction In the last chapter an attempt was made to show how it came about that philosophers lost confidence in the viability of metaphysics. The key claim was that metaphysics as traditionally conceived by Aristotle and the early to middle Scholastics is not on all fours with the metaphysics of the early Moderns, and that concerns about the latter do not apply to the former.
One historically effective reading of Hume has him submitting the common sense notion of causation to analysis and finding that one of its key ingredients, namely the necessity of the connection between cause and effect, does not survive scrutiny. Hume then suggests that this notion of causation ought to be replaced by the weaker notion of constant conjunction. A cause is constantly conjoined with its effect, but there is no necessary connection between the two as we are wont to suppose, or at least we are not justified in believing that there is.
If one compares the views of William Ockham (b. circa 1285, d. 1347) and Nicolas Autrecourt (b. circa 1300, d. after 1347) with the views of Aristotle on the one hand and Descartes on the other, the considerable distance travelled in the direction of modernity is obvious. 27 The contrast here with the views expressed by Aquinas about absolute necessity being found in created things could hardly be more pronounced. And the consequences of this change of heart were not lost on contemporary thinkers.