By Matthew Alun Ray
This e-book asks particular philosophical questions about the underlying constitution of Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche's suggestions on atheism and agnosticism; suggestions that characterize the most concerted assaults on monotheistic faith in smooth philosophy. but commentators attracted to philosophical atheism have often neglected this practice. Matthew Ray concludes that Kant's ethical theology is essentially undersupported; Schopenhauer's metaphysical and moral atheism is defective in different components; and Nietzsche's naturalistic assault on Christianity is just partly winning. Taking a severe stance towards the atheistic orthodoxy in smooth philosophy, Ray argues that the query of God's life continues to be often unresolved in post-Kantian philosophy.
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Extra resources for Subjectivity and Irreligion: Atheism and Agnosticism in Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche (Ashgate New Critical Thinking in Philosophy)
Example text
Yovel has pointed out, the initial introduction of God into Kant's argument actually depends upon certain of our subjective limitations - that is to say, our inability to imagine an 'immanent principle of justice'. Yovel writes of the Kantian moral proof of God as follows: This procedure of postulation consists of two distinct stages. At the initial stage, which alone has logical necessity, all that we postulate is a vague and indefinite principle . . Of this something we know nothing except that it is there and it fulfils the function described .
S. Körner, Kant (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), pp. 37-8. Relatedly, Körner has repeatedly pointed out that all transcendental arguments fail to be uniqueness proofs, that is, that they leave open the possibility that another set of conditions could allow the experience in question to occur. Guyer, Kant and the Claims of Knowledge, p. 352. Gardner, Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason, p. 103. Kant himself further distinguished between the 'objective' and 'subjective' deduction, the latter referring to the first edition's analysis of the faculties (CPR Axvii).
One of the two characters in the dialogue, Demopheles, ascribes a certain sociological importance to religion that is captured in the following, high-handed (and superficially Marxist) way: The needs of the people must be met in accordance with their powers of comprehension. Religion is the only way to proclaim and make plain the high significance of life to the crude intellect and clumsy understanding of the masses who are immersed in sordid pursuits and material labour. [PPII 324] This offers some prima facie support for Berman's interpretation.