By Taylor B. Seybolt
A well-liked fantasy emerged within the overdue Nineties: in 1900, wars killed one civilian for each 8 infantrymen, whereas modern wars have been killing 8 civilians for each one soldier. The neat reversal of numbers used to be memorable, and educational guides and UN records usually mentioned it. The extra it was once pointed out, the extra depended on it grew to become. in reality, in spite of the fact that, next examine came upon no empirical facts for the concept the ratio of civilians to squaddies killed in struggle has replaced dramatically. yet whereas the ratios would possibly not have replaced, the political importance of civilian casualties has risen tremendously.
Over the earlier century, civilians in warfare have long past from having no specific rights to having felony protections and rights that start to rival these accorded to states. the worry for civilians in clash has develop into so powerful that governments sometimes adopt humanitarian interventions, at nice chance and giant expense, to guard strangers in far away lands. I n the early Nineties, the UN protection Council approved army interventions to assist feed and guard civilians within the Kurdish region of Iraq, Somalia, and Bosnia. And in could 2011 , Barack Obama 's nationwide safety consultant defined the U.S.' determination to help NATO's army intervention in those phrases "When the president made this choice, there has been an instantaneous possibility to 700,000 Libyan civilians within the city of Benghazi. we have now had successful right here by way of having the ability to defend these civilians."
Counting Civilian Casualties aims to advertise open medical discussion via excessive lights the strengths and weaknesses of the main everyday casualty recording and estimation thoughts in an comprehensible structure. Its 13 chapters, every one authoritative yet available to nonspecialists, discover various methods, from direct recording to statistical estimation and sampling, to accumulating info on civilian deaths brought on by clash. The individuals additionally talk about their respective benefits and drawbacks, and examine how figures are used (and misused) by means of governments, rebels, human rights advocates, warfare crimes tribunals, and others. as well as supplying analysts with a huge diversity of instruments to provide exact information, it will be an in invaluable source for policymakers, army officers, jou rnalists, human rights activists, courts, and traditional those that are looking to be extra informed--and skeptical--consumers of casualty counts.
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Extra resources for Counting Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict
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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Gregorian, Vartan, foreword to Civilians in War, by Simon Chesterman, pp. ix–xiv. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. Guha-Sapir, Debra, and Olivier Degomme. 2007. Estimating Mortality in Civil Conflicts: Lessons from Iraq: Triangulating Different Types of Mortality Data in Iraq. Brussels: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. Hall, Katharine, and Dale Stahl. 2006. An Argument for Documenting Casualties: Violence against Iraqi Civilians.
This normative shift has had the effect of increasing the influence of civilian casualty numbers on policy choices, making it all the more important to get the numbers right. The section entitled “Strategic Peacebuilding and Civilian Casualty Numbers” identifies strategic peacebuilding as an ambitious attempt to establish both lasting peace and a degree of justice, in part by placing civilian casualties at the center of retributive justice proceedings, such as criminal tribunals, and restorative justice processes, such as truth and reconciliation commissions.
Kaldor, Mary. 1999. New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Krauthammer, Charles. 1990/1991. ” Foreign Affairs 70 (1): 23–33. Lederach, John Paul, and R. Scott Appleby. 2011. ” In Strategies of Peace: Transforming Conflict in a Violent World, edited by Daniel Philpott and Gerard F. Powers, 19–44. New York: Oxford University Press. Mendeloff, David. 2004. ” International Studies Review 6: 355–380. Murray, Christopher, et al. 2002. ” British Medical Journal 324: 346–349.