By Melvin I. Urofsky
First released in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa corporation.
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Extra resources for The American Presidents: Critical Essays (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities)
Example text
Disagreement over the seriousness of the threat posed by France had further divided the Federalists into two camps, one led by Alexander Hamilton and seeking closer ties to Britain, and another led by John Adams and wanting strict neutrality. S. ties with France dating back to 1778. He appealed for national unity in dangerous times. While the Jeffersonians praised the president’s remarks, adherents of his own party were troubled. , blocked the initiative by threatening to resign. Wolcott and the Hamilton-led Federalists feared that a Republican diplomat would betray American interests.
Adams was so paralyzed by his dislike of both Britain and France that he chose pristine neutrality when confronted by the crisis moment of 1799. He oversimplified the issue to peace or war, and chose diplomatic independence rather than a war with France because war would have necessitated closer associations with Great Britain. With hindsight, one can see that by choosing negotiation, he achieved only a very temporary peace and passed up the opportunity to set America on the road to a long-term peace purchased through military deterrence.
S. ) With the signing of the Algerian Treaty, construction on three of the six frigates was halted. Fortunately for John Adams, the War Department would complete and launch the other three—the United States, Constellation, and Constitution—in the first eight months of his administration. Then, shortly after the XYZ correspondence was published, Congress authorized the War Department to purchase twelve existing vessels and arm them as ships of war, a task that swamped the understaffed War Department.