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S. Industry 37 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Almost half of all AH firms are more than 20 years old; about 10% reported that they were established before 1970 and another 40% during the 1970s and 1980s. Half of all AH respondents have emerged since 1990. About 20% of AH respondents were located in California, with other firms distributed across 17 other states. Survey results indicated that 81% of AH firms were self-owned. S. companies, while six were owned by companies from Australia, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, or the United Kingdom.
45 46 47 48 49 34 Despite negative operating income, firms are not operating without funds. 3 billion), and employee licensing income, outside funding sources, and federal programs for their biotechnology research and development needs. CTA, question 35, page 14. Because merely possessing a biological invention, such as a new plant variety, provides the means to reproduce it, it is necessary to establish intellectual property protection. Protection allows plant breeders to capture some of their R&D investments, and thus motivates the development of plant varieties.
Vaccines and immune stimulants were the most frequently cited area for current clinical trials; they were mentioned by 20% of AH respondents. In terms of approved, marketed, or in-production products and processes, AH firms have a strong showing in seven product categories and four process areas. Between 10% and 17% of companies indicated activity at this stage—most in areas of bioprocessing. 10). However, firms that identified animal health as their primary application focus account for only 1% to 3% of these totals.