By H.G. Pfaender
Accessible and generously illustrated in complete color, this reference spans the historical past of glass, the uncooked fabrics and the producing approach, in addition to its many items. Informative and compact, this handy advisor is suitable for a person drawn to glass. Revised all through for this new edition.
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Additional resources for Schott Guide to Glass
Example text
Usually, these compounds must be chemically converted into pure boric acid, especially for optical glass. 9 Coloring agents Only pure chemicals are used as glass coloring agents. Different colors can be obtained by adding oxides of the so-called transition elements (copper, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, titanium) or of the rare earths (primarily neodymium and praseodymium) to suitable base glassmelts. 2. Intensive yellow, orange and red colors are produced by the precipitation of precious metal colloids as well as of selenium, cadmium sulfide, and cadmium selenide during the cooling of the melt.
At the same time, large amounts of gases escape through the decomposition of the hydrates, carbonates, nitrates and sulfates, generating water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur dioxide. For example, one liter of a soda-lime glass batch sets free about 1440 liters of gas at 1000°C, 70% of which is carbon dioxide The melting process 45 (C0 2 ), In reality, the glassmelting process is, of course, much more complicated. The glassmelt finally becomes transparent, and the melting phase is completed.
Preheating chambers are filled with an open brickwork offering a large contact surface for air and gas. They work in alternating cycles. The hot flue gases of the melt heat up one half of the preheating chambers. After half an hour, the flow of Fuels e 43 ~g Fig. 6 Structure of an electrically heated tank (schematic): (a) platinum electrodes; (b) glass melt; (c) batch; (d) crown; (e) tank floor; (f) plunger; (g) metered glass gob; (h) forehearth. the cold combustion gas is reversed and directed through the preheated brickwork while the flue gases heat up the other half of the preheating chambers.