By Agnes Wong
Eye flow Disorders, via Dr. Agnes Wong, fills a good void within the Ophthalmology and Neurology literature through featuring eye stream problems in a full-color, hugely illustrative layout. this article explains eye flow problems in a concise but complete demeanour, which makes it a good reference e-book and a great studying textual content for an individual attempting to grasp the difficult dating among eye circulation problems, and their underlying neuroanatomy and pathophysiology. Its easy-to-read and hassle-free technique will entice experts in Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery who want a quick reference on much less customary scientific difficulties.
Key beneficial properties include:
Provides a coherent, concise, and simple to assimilate description and rationalization of other eye circulation disorders
Presents over a hundred full-color scientific pictures, radiographs, and colour illustrations highlighting pertinent anatomy and mind pathways
Highlights key details and significant good points via containers, tables, and algorithms
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Extra info for Eye Movement Disorders
Example text
Combined involvement of all three canals on one side, as is often seen in a unilateral peripheral vestibular lesion, causes a mixed horizontal–torsional nystagmus. For example, a combined lesion that affects all three canals on the left side (horizontal, anterior, and posterior) leads to a static imbalance such that the combined action of all three canals on the right side becomes unopposed, causing a tonic bias for the eyes to rotate to the left and counterclockwise (from the patient’s viewpoint).
Static imbalance of canal inputs or connections leads to spontaneous nystagmus, whereas dynamic imbalance affects the gain and phase of the VOR. , zero phase shift) (ideally) Right Peak head velocity Head Eye Velocity (deg/s) Left Peak eye velocity Normal values 1. 9, and phase shift approximates zero. , visual enhancement), and phase shift approximates zero. 2. 7. 24. Clinical Points VOR gain and phase ■ ■ ■ If gain is too high or too low, a target image remains off the fovea, although it may be transiently stable on the retina.
Mixed horizontal and torsional nystagmus with slow phase to the left and counterclockwise from patient’s point of view) Therefore, a peripheral vestibular lesion usually causes mixed horizontal and torsional nystagmus. Central vestibular lesion ■ ■ ■ Lesion of RPC + LPC = Unopposed RAC + LAC = ↑ (downbeat nystagmus with upward slow phase) Lesion of LAC + LPC = Unopposed RAC + RPC = (torsional nystagmus with counterclockwise slow phase from patient’s point of view) Therefore, a central vestibular lesion causes purely vertical or purely torsional nystagmus.