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By Soberón, Mario

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Extra resources for Bt resistance : characterization and strategies for GM crops producing bacillus thuringiensis toxins

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IPM uses the best available combination of pest control tactics, including transgenic and conventionally bred host plant resistance, biological control, crop rotation and the judicious application of insecticide sprays. IPM can extend the efficacy of Bt crops while promoting sustainable agriculture that limits pest damage, optimizes returns to growers and preserves environmental quality. , Gould, F. and Wu, K. (2014) Monitoring cotton bollworm resistance to Cry1Ac in two counties of northern China during 2009–2013.

Kurstaki was 36 times higher than that of the susceptible population (Castelo Branco and Gatehouse, 2001). , 2014). Ribeiro (2010) compared two field populations, one resistant and the other susceptible, and attributed the resistance found to various mechanisms, ranging from alterations in membrane receptors to processes involved in the activation of the toxin. Zago et al. (2014) conducted experiments with ten field populations collected in cabbage crops. Most populations showed levels of resistance 2–54 times higher than expected to Bt-based products, primarily to Xentari®WDG.

2008) Suppression of cotton bollworm in multiple crops in China in areas with Bt toxincontaining cotton. Science 321, 1676–1678. , Yu, L. and Wu, Y. (2005) Disruption of a cadherin gene associated with resistance to Cry1Ac -endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensisin in Helicoverpa armigera. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 948–954. , Wu, Y. and Wu, S. (2007) Mutated cadherin alleles from a field population of Helicoverpa armigera confer resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, 6939– 6944.

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