By Peter Houldcroft, Robert John
An authoritative resource of reference on each element of thermal welding and linked slicing techniques. every one method is tested basically and comprehensively from first rules via to extra complicated technical descriptions suited for those that want extra technical info. Copiously illustrated all through and with an in depth thesaurus of phrases, this publication is vital studying for welding and construction engineers, metallurgists, designers, quality controls engineers, vendors, scholars and all who're linked to the choice and alertness of apparatus and consumables. (reprinted with corrections 2001)
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Extra info for Welding and Cutting. A Guide to Fusion Welding and Associated Cutting Processes
Sample text
Electrodes of similar composition are used to weld steels containing up to 3 per cent nickel. Steels of the 5 per cent and 9 per cent nickel types are welded with specially alloyed nickel-chromium-iron electrodes, since electrodes containing above 3 per cent nickel are susceptible to solidification cracking. Creep-resisting steels These are used in power stations for the construction of steam lines and chests, turbine equipment, etc. and contain additions of chromium, molybdenum and sometimes vanadium to provide creep strength at operating temperatures up to 500 C (932 F).
Mild steel weld metal which inadvertently contains a high sulphur content can react in this manner and then centre line cracking can occur. Even when the sulphur content is normal the line of weakness may still exist to be opened up by strains during welding and it is for this reason that deeply penetrating weld beads are normally avoided. Weld metal hydrogen cracking This form of cracking occurs at temperatures around ambient and is more commonly observed in the heat affected zone. Hydrogen is introduced to the molten pool through moisture or hydrogen containing compounds in fluxes or on the surface of wires and parent metal, with the result that the molten pool and the solidified bead become a reservoir of dissolved hydrogen.
Materials with indifferent weldability can often be welded satisfactorily but only as a result of extreme care in consumable selection, control during welding and inspection afterwards. This often means extensive preproduction trials and of course a cost penalty. 28 THE HEAT AFFECTED ZONE (HAZ) HAZ defects Some of the defects which can occur in the HAZ are: 1. HAZ hydrogen cracking (sometimes called underbead cracking). 2. Lamellar tearing. 3. Reheat cracking. 4. Stress corrosion cracking. 5 . Micro-cracking or liquation cracking.