By Arthur Keaveney
Scarcely greater than a new release ahead of Octavian (later Augustus) got down to stumble upon Antony and Cleopatra on the conflict of Actium, optimistically hoping on the company help of 'all Italy', the Italians have been in rebel, with the avowed target of destroying Rome. The notable harmony displayed in 31 BC was once the hard-won manufactured from fifty years of past fight; and that fight varieties the topic of this e-book. From the second one century BC the topic peoples of Italy have been inspired by means of a wish for equality with their robust sister, Rome. Their purposes have been different, yet as soon as their aspirations intruded on Rome's deepest lifestyles, they have been to have a profound influence on her politics. in the beginning it was once was hoping that equality can be accomplished via citizenship yet, while the Romans proved stubborn, the Italians sought entire independence. exact reconstruction of the ensuing 'Social struggle' is the significant characteristic of the ebook. The warfare ended with Rome granting its citizenship to the Italians, notwithstanding that furnish was once so hedged approximately with skills that extra interventions proved invaluable - those on so marked a scale that by way of the tip of the 80s BC Italy and Rome had essentially completed the team spirit which Octavian used to be later in a position to make the most. Arthur Keaveney seeks the following to delineate the standards which ended in the Italian wish first for citizenship, then for independence; he describes the clash and he assesses its results. He continues that Rome's 'Italian query' should be handled as an basically political issue.
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8 see below. Salmon 19 p . 3 8 and 1982 p . 12 seems to be mistaken . 3 . ell. Pat. 2 Eutrop . 4 cf. 8 etta p. 3 8 Badian and d'Amato no . 1 I S 2 -2, 131 . Cf. Salmon 19 19 8 p . 1 1 Gabba 19 p. Ilari p . 19, n . 34 Bodei Giglioni pp . 1 . 31 . 2 . 32 . It is true that a commander had absolute power over all soldiers he commanded but there appears to have been a distinct tendency to single out non-Romans for difficult tasks . See next note . 33 . 13 . 3 . - . Cf. Shatzman pp . 2 2-4 and n . 29 above .
1 . with C . Nicolet, ' e stipendium des allies Italiens avant la guerre Sociale', PBSR 4 , 19 8 pp . 1-11 . -8 and 28 . eil. Pat . 2 App . C . 1 . with Brunt 19 1 pp . Ilari pp. 8 -1 3, 1 8- 3 . W . Rich The supposed Roman manpower shortage of the later second century BC' istoria 32, 1983, pp . 321-3 . to whose 29 . See Goehler pp . -1 and McDonald 1939 p . 133, n . list add I R 3 . 13 . -8 see below. Salmon 19 p . 3 8 and 1982 p . 12 seems to be mistaken . 3 . ell. Pat. 2 Eutrop . 4 cf. 8 etta p.
With the break from Rome approaching, the Samnites turned in on themselves as did the other Italian communities. They drew inspiration from their past and decided to renew the old struggle for independence . Some have branded Pontius Telesinus as an extremist who emerged in the dying days of the war but his position is no more than the logical culmination of a long existing tradition of local separatism, the consciousness of which had been inevitably sharpened by war . It is purely the accident of history that he was called upon to enunciate it for the last time .