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So we see that Tde is contained in the set of classes of homogeneous polynomials in K[xe , y e ] of degree de. Let g = c0 y de + ce xe y (d−1)e + · · · + cde xde be a homogeneous polynomial in K[xe , y e ] of degree de. Since K is algebraically closed, there exist b0 , . . , bd ∈ K such that bei = cie for all i ∈ {0, . . , d}. We have g = be0 y de + be1 xe y (d−1)e + · · · + bed xde = (b0 y d + b1 xy d−1 + · · · + bd xd )e . So we see that Tde is the set of classes of homogeneous polynomials in K[xe , y e ] of degree de.

Hence IA(V ) (im α) = ker α∗ . The zero set of α∗ (W × ) is the subset {P ∈ A(V )|f (P ) = 0 for all f ∈ α∗ (W × )} of A(V ). Let P ∈ A(V ) be a f ∈ α∗ (W × ) if and only if we ϕ ∈ W × . So we see that P is and only if α(P ) is contained in ZA(V ) (α∗ (W × )) = ker α. point. Then we have f (P ) = 0 for all have ϕ(α(P )) = (ϕ ◦ α)(P ) = 0 for all an element of the zero set of α∗ (W × ) if the zero set of W × , which is {0}. 41. (i) The map S → ZA(V ) (S) is inclusion reversing. (ii) The map X → IA(V ) (X) is inclusion reversing.

Note that the map Vd → Vde which sends f to f (xe , y e ) is K-linear and injective. 73, we see that the map Γed : P(Vd ) → P(Vde ) [f ] → [f (xe , y e )] is a morphism of projective varieties. Let n ∈ Z≥1 be an integer. Then we have (f e ) (xn , y n ) = (f (xn , y n ))e for each polynomial f ∈ Vd . So we see that the diagram P(Vd ) Γn d  P(Vdn ) Πed / P(Vde ) Γn de Πedn commutes. 3. Suppose that char(K) = p for some prime number p > 0. n Then Tdep is the image of the morphism Γpdepn−1 ◦ · · · ◦ Γpde ◦ Πd : P(Vd ) → P(Vde ) for all n ∈ Z≥0 .

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