Download The Facts on File Dictionary of Biotechnology and Genetic by Mark L. Steinberg, Sharon D. Cosloy PDF

By Mark L. Steinberg, Sharon D. Cosloy

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Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid: HA) is a long acidic polysaccharide found in the extracellular matrix all over the cell surface. The presence of HA interferes with close cell-cell contacts and thus inhibits cell-cell junctions that mediate adhesion. • stress fibers—bundles of actin and myosin that run internally along the ventral surface of cell. Stress fibers are attached at one end to adhesion plaques, and it is believed that they function in cell movement and cell-substrate attachment. • proteins in cell adhesion—cell surface proteins that mediate cell-cell adhesion.

Osmotic shock—release of proteins from the periplasmic space of Gramnegative bacteria (see Gram stain) by resuspending the cells fi rst in a solution of 20 percent sucrose and then resuspending them in water. • shearing—passage of cells through a narrow orifice at high pressure. Smallscale operations may use solid shear in which frozen cell are forced through the orifice. Large-scale preparations use liquid shear. • sonication—disruption of cell walls by high-frequency sound waves. extract refers to the soluble portion of the internal cellular contents after removal of the organelles and cell membrane debris.

Apoptosis Programmed cell death, or a degradation of DNA and protein regulated set of reactions that results in cell death. Apoptosis regulates the balance between cell growth and multiplication and eliminates unnecessary cells. Although apoptosis can be brought about cell death Apoptosis 19 aqueous aqueous Pertaining to water; for exam- human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) infection, including general malaise, night sweats, dementia, wasting, and opportunistic diseases associated with immunodefi ciency such as Kaposi’s sarcoma (a rare form of skin cancer), pneumonia (generally caused by Pneumocystis carinii), and retinitis (caused by cytomegalovirus).

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