By J. A. Crook, Andrew Lintott, Elizabeth Rawson
Quantity IX of the second one version of The Cambridge historical background has for its major subject the method generally known as the "Fall of the Roman Republic." Chapters 1-12 provide a story of the interval from 133 B.C. to the dying of Cicero in forty three B.C., with a prelude interpreting the location and difficulties of the Republic from the turning-point 12 months 146 B.C. Chapters 13-19 supply research of points of Roman society, associations and ideas in the course of the interval.
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While accepting the thesis that the essence of politics was the struggle of family factions, he argues that they were on the whole carried out within certain limits, conventionally understood rather than constitutional, since a modicum of violence was acceptable. Only civil war endangered this system and this was the product of exceptional circumstances. From the opposite point of view the author of this chapter has argued in Violence in Republican Rome that it was precisely because the aristocracy tolerated a modicum of violence that the genuine conflicts between the popular leaders and the rest of the aristocracy became unmanageable and spiralled upwards into civil war.
Oropus too seems to have been leased by the censors before Sulla's time. Epigraphic evidence also confirms the installation of oligarchies. In the documents of Peloponnesian cities under the new order we no longer have references to the council (boule) and popular assembly {demos) but to the magistrates and sumdroi. In one city, Dyme in Achaea, there was a rising against the newly appointed oligarchic government during the governorship of Fabius Maximus. 28 After a short while the Romans abolished the indemnities and restored both the councils of the leagues and the rights of Greeks to hold land in other cities.
VIII2, pp. 319-23). Its sequel was the establishment of a new province in Macedonia in 148/7 and the addition to it of a considerable part of Greece in 146/5. Macedonia had already been made subject to tribute in 167, when it was organized as four independent republics. These regions (merides) were still the basis of Roman administration under the Principate, while the cities themselves were supervised now, as under the Macedonian kings, by boards oipolitarckaiP The border of Macedonia was extended to the river Hebrus, and this became the terminus of the Via Egnatia, which ran from two starting-points on the Adriatic, Apollonia and Dyrrachium, across the mountains to Pella and Thessalonica and then eastwards towards the Hellespont.