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114, 378–385. 33 Kunieda, H. (1989) Phase behaviors in water/nonionic surfactant/hydrocarbon and water/nonionic surfactant/ amphiphilic oil system. J. , 133, 237–243. , and Nakamura, K. (1991) Azeotropic and critical points in a brine/ionic surfactant/long-chain alcohol system. J. Phys. , 95, 1425–1430. , and Uemoto, A. (1992) Effect of added oil on the phase behavior in a water/ionic surfactant/alcohol system. J. , 150, 235–242. , and Miyajima, A. (1989) Anomalous Three-Phase Behavior in a Water/Octaethyleneglycol Dodecyl Ether/Decanol system.
As a result, these surfactants have high chemical and thermal stability. The good chemical and thermal stability of fluorocarbon surfactants is an important consideration to operate in harsh environment such as extremes of pH, high temperatures or in combination with strong oxidizing or reducing agents. Since the fluorocarbon chains are bulkier than the hydrocarbon chain, with the volume of –CF2 and terminal –CF3 being higher than that of the –CH2 and –CH3, respectively [4], a fluorinated surfactant having a very large headgroup is needed to form a spherical aggregate (CPP ≤ 1/3), to balance the effect of bulky fluorocarbon chain [5].
J. , 150, 235–242. , and Miyajima, A. (1989) Anomalous Three-Phase Behavior in a Water/Octaethyleneglycol Dodecyl Ether/Decanol system. J. , 129, 554–560. , and Miyajima, A. (1989) The effect of the mixing of oils on the hydrophile–lipophile-balanced (HLB) temperature in a water/non-ionic surfactant/oil system. J. , 128, 605–607. , and Evans, F. (1991) Formation of reversed vesicles. J. Am. Chem. , 113, 1051–1052. F. (1991) Formation of vesicles and microemulsions at HLB temperature. Langmuir, 7, 1915–1919.