By Alan Bowman, Andrew Wilson
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AD c. h 7t AD 6t h c. AD c. h 5t h c. AD 3r d c. c. B 1s tc BC tc 1s c. d 2n 3r d c. BC 0 Literary sources Fig. 2. Number of attestations of water-mills by century in archaeological Wnds, ancient representations, and literary sources, as known in 2006 36 Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson now apparent also in the Wrst and fourth centuries ad. The slight rise in the seventh century is principally due to a number of discoveries of wooden tidal mills in Ireland. The Roman-period peak would appear even sharper still if it were possible to distribute the six sites in the far right-hand column of Fig.
At best, we may expect to identify a number of measurable indicators of trends that might tell us about diVerent aspects of the economy. We attempt in the remainder of this Introduction to point out what we see as some of the major issues and questions we face, and to oVer some examples of approaches to and methods of using archaeological and documentary data. The main general issues we need to address are the following: . e. the sum of the value of all goods and services) for some places and some periods and what useful conclusions we might derive from that in relation to economic growth or contraction.
Hirt 2004, forthcoming as an OUP Classical Monograph. For a good summary see Burnett et al. 1992: 6–9. Butcher 2004: 253–6. 22 Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson doubt whether SC issues were freely used between cities or whether cities acquired them purely for local use. 55 Egypt’s so-called ‘closed currency’, which continued until the Diocletianic reform of ad 296, may have coexisted with the circulation of gold aurei, although this is not certain. g. 57 We might reasonably postulate that a move to single currency would of course lower transaction costs, but one would guess that it would be diYcult to demonstrate this for the east in the period after ad 250.