By A. Ravve (auth.)
This winning textbook undergoes a metamorphosis of personality within the 3rd version. the place previous versions coated natural polymer chemistry, the 3rd variation covers either actual and natural chemistry. hence kinetics and thermodynamics of polymerization reactions are mentioned.
This variation can be exact from all different polymer textbooks due to its insurance of such presently scorching issues as photonic polymers, electrical energy engaging in polymers, polymeric fabrics for immobilization of reagents and drug liberate, natural sunlight cells, natural gentle emitting diodes.
This textbook comprises overview questions on the finish of each bankruptcy, references for extra analyzing, and various examples of commercially vital processes.
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Example text
The evaluation of these configurations by numerous methods allows one to write the equations for the change in entropy as: 1 S À Su ¼ À N0 k½ðL=Lu Þ2 þ 2L=Lu À 3 2 where N0 and L and Lu are the relative lengths of the unstretched and stretched elastomer. Tobolsky derived the tensile strength as being [12]: X ¼ ðN0 kT=Lu Þ½ðL=Lu Þ À ðL=Lu Þ2 By dividing both sides of the equation by the cross-sectional area of the sample, one can obtain the stress–strain curve for an ideal rubber. The retractive force of an elastomer, as explained above, increases with the temperature.
The number of links is x and the length is L. The entropy of the system is proportional to the logarithm of the number of configurations. Billmeyer expresses it as follows [7]: S ¼ ðconstantÞ À kb2 r 2 26 2 Physical Properties and Physical Chemistry of Polymers where k is the Boltzmann’s constant. The retractive force for a single polymer chain, f 0 stretched to a length dr at a temperature T is, therefore, f 0 ¼ ÀTðdS=drÞ ¼ 2kTb2 r It is generally assumed that the total retractive force of a given sample of an elastomer is the sum of all the f 0 forces for all the polymeric chains that it consists of.
3 Spherulitic Growth For polymers that crystallize from the melt, an important parameter in the characterization of the two-phase systems, is the weight fraction of the crystalline regions. The degree of crystallinity that can be reached is dependent on the temperature at which crystallization takes place. At low temperatures one attains a much lower degree of crystallization than at higher temperatures. This implies that crystallization remains incomplete for kinetic reasons [7]. Normal conditions of cooling of the molten polymer establish the crystalline texture of the polymer and usually result in formation of very tiny crystals.