By Erle C. Donaldson
Rocks mechanics legend Erle Donaldson, besides colleagues Waqi Alam and Nasrin Begum from the oil and fuel advisor corporation Tetrahedron, have authored this guide on up to date basics and more moderen know-how used in the course of a standard hydraulic fracturing strategy. intended for technical and non-technical execs attracted to the topic of hydraulic fracturing, the ebook offers a transparent and easy rationalization of the expertise and similar concerns to advertise the secure improvement of petroleum reserves resulting in strength independence during the world.
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Extra info for Hydraulic Fracturing Explained. Evaluation, Implementation, and Challenges
Sample text
Water with increased viscosity is able to push the oil out of the rock formation. Like water flooding, the process is generally applicable to oil reservoirs and is not very successful if the permeability near the wellbore is low. 5 Carbon Dioxide Flooding Carbon dioxide is injected in the reservoir to add pressure, especially in reservoirs that have lost pressure due to depletion of oil and gas. The added pressure helps produce additional oil and gas. Injection of carbon dioxide (which is a greenhouse gas) also helps reduce carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
18 Chapter 1 Hydraulic Fracturing Explained As frac-fluid and proppants are injected, the fractures increase in length, height, and depth until the injection is stopped. The height and depth of the fracture within the producing formation are usually stopped by overlying and underlying structures. This confines the fracture to the formation of interest. The length of the fracture away from the wellbore also may be stopped by fall-out and accumulation of proppant at the bottom of the fracture. The growth of the fracture will stop altogether when injection is stopped, or when the leak-off of frac-fluid into the formation becomes equal to the rate of fluid that is being injected.
Contamination may also occur if the fractured formation is shallow and there is a fault zone in the vicinity that can act as a conduit for the fracturing fluid. The possibility of this happening is remote due to the natural cementation associated with the faults that hold them in place and restricts any movement of fluid along the fault line. However, if the integrity of the casing and cementation associated with the well are compromised, injected frac-fluid can contaminate the underground water resource.