By Hans-Joachim Jordening; J Winter; John Wiley & Sons
Bacterial metabolism in wastewater remedy structures / Claudia Gallert, Josef iciness -- commercial wastewater resources and therapy options / Karl-Heinz Rosenwinkel, Ute Austermann-Haun, Hartmut Meyer -- Activated sludge strategy / Rolf Kayser -- Modeling of cardio wastewater remedy strategies / Mogens Henze -- High-rate anaerobic wastewater therapy / Hans-Joachim Jordening, Klaus Buchholz -- Modeling of biogas reactors / Herbert Markl -- cardio degradation of recalcitrant natural compounds by means of microorganisms / Wolfgang Fritsche, Martin Hofrichter -- rules of anaerobic degradation of natural compounds / Bernhard Schink -- Soil remediation and disposal / Michael Koning, Karsten Hupe, Rainer Stegmann -- Bioremediation by means of the heap approach / Volker Schulz-Berendt -- Bioreactors / Rene H. Kleijntjens, Karel Ch. A.M. Luyben -- In-situ remediation / T. Held, H. Dorr -- Composting of natural waste / Frank Schuchardt -- Anaerobic fermentation of rainy and semidry rubbish waste fractions / Norbert Rilling -- Landfill structures, sanitary landfilling of sturdy wastes, and long term issues of leachate / Kai-Uwe Heyer, Rainer Stegmann -- Sanitary landfills : long term balance and environmental implications / Michael S. Switzenbaum -- strategy engineering of organic waste gasoline purification / Muthumbi Waweru, Veerle Herrygers, Herman Van Langenhove, Willy Verstraete -- advertisement purposes of organic waste fuel purification / Derek E. Chitwood, Joseph S. Devinny -- views of wastewater, waste, off-gas and soil therapy / Claudia Gallert, Josef wintry weather
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1). Much less heat energy is released during anaerobic metabolism than during aerobic respiration (131 kJ mol–1 versus 890 kJ mol–1, respectively), and the biogas contains almost 90% of the energy of the fermented substrate (Fig. 2). Due to the heat energy requirement to warm the wastewater and due to heat losses via irradiation from pipes and reactor walls, heat generation is not nearly sufficient to maintain a constant mesophilic fermentation temperature. For this reason, anaerobic digesters must be heated.
6 Pa, which is in the range found in methanogenic ecosystems (Dolfing, 2001). In thermophilic methanogenic reactors, acetate is degraded either by synthrophic acetate oxidizers (dominant process at low acetate concentrations) and acetate-degrading methanogens (acetate concentration above the threshold concentration) or by acetate-utilizing methanogens of the genera Methanosaeta or Methanosarcina (Ahring, 2003). Synthrophic acetate oxidation and methane formation from the cleavage products may explain the lack of acetoclastic methanogens (Methanosarcina sp.
26) starts with the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by membrane-bound nitrate reductase A (a). Then a membrane-bound nitrite reductase (b) catalyzes NO formation. Finally, NO reductase (c) and N2O reductase (d) form N2. The theoretical stoichiometry of denitrification with methanol or acetate as a carbon source is shown in Eqs. 27 and 28. For practical application a surplus of carbon source must be supplied, since the wastewater is not free of oxygen, and part of the carbon source is respired until anoxic conditions are achieved.